Patient-friendly definition from the DentistsDirectory.org dental glossary.
A tooth extraction is the removal of a tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone of the jaw. While dentistry's primary goal is always to preserve natural teeth, extraction is sometimes the most clinically appropriate course when a tooth is too damaged, infected, or problematic to save. Modern local anesthesia makes the procedure itself painless — patients feel pressure and movement, but not sharp pain.
A simple extraction is performed on teeth that are fully erupted and accessible. The dentist loosens the tooth with an instrument called an elevator, then removes it with forceps. A surgical extraction is required when a tooth is partially or fully impacted beneath bone or gum tissue, has broken off at the gum line, or has roots that have fused to the surrounding bone (ankylosis). Surgical extractions involve making an incision in the gum, sometimes removing a small amount of bone, and frequently sectioning the tooth into pieces for easier removal.
Post-extraction care focuses on protecting the blood clot that forms in the socket, which is the foundation of healing. For the first 24 hours: bite on gauze to control bleeding, avoid rinsing vigorously, do not use a straw, and refrain from smoking. Mild swelling and soreness for two to three days is normal. Severe or worsening pain after 3–4 days may indicate dry socket and requires a dental visit. Planning for replacement of an extracted tooth (implant, bridge, or denture) is important to prevent bone loss and shifting of adjacent teeth.