Gum Disease Treatment

Gum disease (periodontal disease) is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. It starts as gingivitis — reversible gum inflammation — and can progress to periodontitis, which causes irreversible bone loss around teeth. An estimated 47% of American adults over 30 have some form of periodontal disease.

Stages of Gum Disease

Gingivitis: The earliest stage. Gums are red, swollen, and bleed easily when brushed or flossed. Caused by plaque buildup. Fully reversible with professional cleaning and improved home care.

Mild to moderate periodontitis: Bacteria have moved below the gum line, causing the gum to pull away from teeth (pocket formation) and beginning bone loss. Not reversible but manageable with treatment.

Severe periodontitis: Significant bone and tissue loss. Teeth may become loose. Advanced treatment including surgery is often required.

Non-Surgical Treatment: Scaling and Root Planing

The first-line treatment for periodontitis is scaling and root planing (deep cleaning). Under local anesthesia, a periodontist or hygienist removes tartar and bacteria from below the gum line and smooths the root surfaces to discourage reattachment of bacteria. Usually done in two appointments covering one half of the mouth at a time.

Surgical Treatment Options

When deep cleaning is insufficient — typically in moderate to severe cases — surgical options include flap surgery (lifting the gums to clean inaccessible areas), bone grafting (rebuilding lost jawbone), and guided tissue regeneration (encouraging regrowth of destroyed bone and gum tissue).

Maintenance After Treatment

Periodontal disease cannot be cured — it can only be controlled. After active treatment, most periodontists recommend periodontal maintenance appointments every three months rather than the standard six-month cleaning schedule. Research shows that bacteria associated with gum disease recolonise treated pockets within approximately 90 days.

Risk Factors

Smoking is the strongest risk factor for severe gum disease and also reduces the effectiveness of treatment. Diabetes, stress, certain medications (that cause dry mouth), and a genetic predisposition also significantly increase risk.